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Horror 101: Gene Mapping the Legacy of Jurassic Park

The first Jurassic Park film culminates with a banner that reads “When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth” billowing toward the ground before a triumphant Tyrannosaurus rex. There was also a time when one could look back fondly on when dinosaurs ruled the silver screen, with the original trilogy being about the consequences of manipulating dino DNA for our entertainment ending back in 2001. Fourteen years later, however, the franchise that was bioengineered by Steven Spielberg in 1993 from the Michael Crichton novel of the same name had been brought back from extinction with Jurassic World. Cut to February 2025, and the first trailer has released for Gareth Edwards’ Jurassic World: Rebirth, a requel of the reboot trilogy – the 7th in the franchise – and you may be wondering how exactly we went from Sam Neil having a panic attack over a majestic Brachiosaurus to Scarlett Johansson, Mahershala Ali, and Fiyero from Wicked going toe-to-toe with a mutated “Xenorancor rex.”

The deeper you dive, the more convoluted and, as much as I hate to say it, contrived the franchise and its lore become; besides the films, there are comics, video games, TV series, and more to explore. In the essence of simplicity, I’m here to lay out the facts of the film franchise alone. The original is hands-down one of the best films of all time with SFX that holds up to this day, and the rest of the bunch are great summer popcorn fun if you turn off the Letterboxd Snooty Cinephile Filter in your brain. So, in honor of the great Mr. DNA, let’s slice open some prehistoric celluloid and get down to it! founder John Hammond, “You never had control.”

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The first Jurassic Park film culminates with a banner that reads “When Dinosaurs Ruled the Earth” billowing toward the ground before a triumphant Tyrannosaurus rex. There was also a time when one could look back fondly on when dinosaurs ruled the silver screen, with the original trilogy being about the consequences of manipulating dino DNA for our entertainment ending back in 2001. Fourteen years later, however, the franchise that was bioengineered by Steven Spielberg in 1993 from the Michael Crichton novel of the same name had been brought back from extinction with Jurassic World. Cut to February 2025, and the first trailer has released for Gareth Edwards’ Jurassic World: Rebirth, a requel of the reboot trilogy – the 7th in the franchise – and you may be wondering how exactly we went from Sam Neil having a panic attack over a majestic Brachiosaurus to Scarlett Johansson, Mahershala Ali, and Fiyero from Wicked going toe-to-toe with a mutated “Xenorancor rex.”

The deeper you dive, the more convoluted and, as much as I hate to say it, contrived the franchise and its lore become; besides the films, there are comics, video games, TV series, and more to explore. In the essence of simplicity, I’m here to lay out the facts of the film franchise alone. The original is hands-down one of the best films of all time with SFX that holds up to this day, and the rest of the bunch are great summer popcorn fun if you turn off the Letterboxd Snooty Cinephile Filter in your brain.

So, in honor of the great Mr. DNA, let’s slice open some prehistoric celluloid and get down to it! 

All About the Jurassic Park Franchise

How Exactly Did They Dig Up Those Dinosaurs?

When I attempted to read the novel as a kid, the dense scientific lingo explaining the intricacies of how Jurassic Park got its start proved hard to comprehend, after all – to borrow a quote from the extravagant Russian diva Katya Zamolodchikova: “I don’t know. I’m not a scientist.”

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Screenwriter David Koepp and director Spielberg did their damndest to whittle it down into layman’s terms with great success, so here’s the gist of it in easy order:

  1. Extract dinosaur DNA from the blood of pesky mosquitoes that have been trapped in amber for millions of years.
  2. Since DNA degrades over time, fill in the gaps with amphibian (in this case, frog) DNA.
  3. Commit further genetic manipulation by making all of the dinosaurs female and lysine (an essential amino acid) deficient, retaining control over the population through an inability to procreate and a dependence on supplements.
  4. Use the completed DNA strands to clone dinosaurs in the lab and birth the embryos in artificial eggs.

To have an exciting movie franchise, one or more of these things must go awry, and so they do. Because certain amphibians can change sex due to environmental conditions, Dr. Alan Grant (Sam Neil) discovered that the dinosaurs began to breed in captivity despite their all-female engineering. And that lysine contingency that would cause the dinos to die off if not given specific supplements? Yeah, they ended up getting enough elsewhere in their diets. So, while a power outage due to corporate espionage is what ultimately sets the creatures free in the park, these two critical scientific oversights explain how life finds a way so that the ancient beasts can survive in the wild throughout the franchise. As paleontologist Ellie Sattler (Laura Dern) admonished park founder John Hammond, “You never had control.”

Who Are the Major Players?

Before going any further, it is best to rattle off some names and nouns within the franchise to arrive at our mutated dino freakshow destination as efficiently as possible. And though the films contain a multitude of famous faces and iconic characters ranging from Neil, Dern, and Jeff Goldblum to Chris Pratt, Bryce Dallas Howard, and even Julianne Moore – they are all mainly irrelevant to the gene-splicing drama we’re here to get to the bottom of.

  • John Hammond (Richard Attenborough): Scottish venture capitalist with big dreams, Hammond learns the truths of chaos theory the hard way when his early access tour of the world’s first dinosaur theme park turns deadly. He survives the ordeal but later dies of natural causes in 1998.
  • Benjamin Lockwood (James Cromwell): Introduced in the 5th film, Fallen Kingdom, we learn that Lockwood was besties with Hammond and a co-founder of their biotech company, InGen, before a falling out over the morals of turning their cloning efforts toward human experimentation.
  • InGen (International Genetic Technologies): Responsible for the pair’s dino cloning efforts, InGen ran various facilities on a group of islands sold to the company by the Costa Rican government ominously nicknamed Las Cinco Muertes (The Five Deaths). After the disastrous events of the first film, InGen was later bought by Masrani Corp, which created the fully operational Jurassic World sequel park in 2005.
  • BioSyn: InGen’s much more nefarious rival company that seeks to exploit the dinosaur population through military and pharmaceutical means. They are responsible for the theft of embryos in the first film, which leads to the park’s power outage and shutdown, as well as the ecological disaster our heroes must stop in Jurassic World: Dominion.
  • Isla Nublar: The main island where the original park and its sequel park, Jurassic World, reside. During the events of Fallen Kingdom, a volcano erupts and destroys the island and its remaining dinosaurs.
  • Isla Sorna: Also known as Site B, it is where InGen bred their dinosaurs and serves as the setting for the second and third films. Following those sequels, the dinosaurs were left on the island to roam free.
  • Dr. Henry Wu (BD Wong): InGen’s chief geneticist, Wu worked for the company up through the events of Jurassic World before turning to its rival BioSyn. He redeems himself for his questionable work in genetic engineering by helping the protagonists at the end of Dominion.
  • Charlotte & Maise Lockwood (Isabella Sermon): Charlotte was Benjamin Lockwood’s daughter and a brilliant scientist who successfully impregnated herself with her clone (yes, it goes there) in an elaborate workaround for her fertility issues. After giving birth to her daughter/clone, Maise, she dies due to a genetic disorder. In classic sci-fi fashion, evildoers at BioSyn seek to study Maise to better understand the cloning process.
  • Indominous rex: The franchise’s first monstrous hybrid leads the charge of what’s to come. Created by Dr. Henry Wu under the orders of the Masrani Corp. to serve as a shocking exhibit at Jurassic World, it is a terrifying hybrid of T-rex, Velociraptor, cuttlefish, tree frog, and snake DNA. Larger and more deadly than the T-rex, it has the agility of a raptor and the flexible jaw of a snake, along with the ability to camouflage and regulate its body temperature.
  • Indoraptor: Designed by Wu to be a smaller and more efficient version of the Indominous, its primary use is as a terrifying bioweapon for sale on the black market. 

Is Bigger Always Better?

After the pretty straightforward events of the original trilogy, Jurassic World resurrected the franchise in 2015 by bringing us into a fully functional luxury dino resort on Isla Nublar. In operation for ten years, Masrani felt the public was becoming jaded by the shock and awe of these ancient reptiles. Rather than becoming complacent, Dr. Henry Wu created the Indominous rex to satiate our ever-over-it appetites — a fatal mistake. Unlike the events of the first film, which saw destruction come at the hands of meddling men, the Indomious breaks free all on its own because it’s just that good. Personnel and park-goers alike are subsequently ripped through like barbeque, including the most violent death the franchise had seen yet, and the dream that began decades ago as a twinkle in John Hammond’s eye was condemned once more. The Indominous also met its end, shuttered between the jaws of the aquatic giant, Mosasaurus.

So Is the Jurassic Park Franchise Scary?

While the sequels have always been fun, sweaty adventures in their own right, that visceral fear that made audiences drip with terror back in 1993 had largely been missing from the franchise. Despite taking plot points straight out of the 5th sequel playbook with human cloning and black market dealings, Jurassic World: Fallen Kingdom miraculously stuck the landing in the horror department. The first half, which finds our heroes Owen Grady (Pratt) and Claire Dearing (Howard) attempting to save as many dinosaurs as possible on Isla Nublar before the volcano destroys them all, includes its fair share of thrilling sequences. It’s the latter half, however, that shines in a way not seen since Spielberg’s original. Set entirely at Lockwood Manor in Northern California during the night of a black market dino auction, all hell breaks loose when the Indoraptor frees itself from confinement. It’s dark, menacing, and the stuff of nightmares; everything I imagined as a kid under the covers in my bedroom after watching Jurassic Park all those years ago – and hopefully, the direction we see Rebirth head.

What About Jurassic World: Dominion (2022)?

We don’t talk about her. It’s the worst of the bunch, propped up by a few decent set pieces and fan service that reunites the original trio for a few cute moments. Instead of focusing on the fact that dinosaurs are now running wild around the world following the events of Fallen Kingdom, the plot somehow revolves around an ecological disaster caused by mutant locusts engineered by Dr. Wu. It’s The Rise of Skywalker all over again.

Jurassic World: Rebirth and the Isle of Misfit Dinos

Much remains unknown about the plot of this Gareth Edwards-directed requel, but what morsels we’ve seen look like a potential return to form. What we can gather from the trailer is that Zora Bennett (Johansson) and Duncan Kincaid (Ali) are mercenary types hired to travel with Dr. Henry Loomis (Jonathan Bailey) to one of the presumed Las Cinco Muertes so that they can recover specimens from the three largest dinos of land, sea, and air in search for a cure for heart disease. The island is known to be the home of the failed dino clones from InGen’s past – everything these corporations have sought to leave behind – and the trailer teases us with seemingly enhanced or altogether different versions of iconic beasts we’ve seen throughout the franchise. It builds to reveal a disfigured and partially obstructed beast that Edwards described to Vanity Fair as part Rancor (of Star Wars), part H.R. Giger (of Alien fame), and a little bit of T-rex.

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Sure, the “capture three legendary dinos” plot sounds like something out of a video game. Still, after the disaster of Dominion, the franchise needed to step away from the previous films, and with monster movie auteur Edwards and OG screenwriter Koepp at the helm, things sound promising. By doubling down on long-time themes of man vs. nature and the enduring consequences of genetic manipulation rather than focusing on giant bugs and cloned little girls, Rebirth has hopefully ventured into the proper jungle. And, in alignment with our goals here at Horror Press, Hammonds’s broken dreams have continued their ripple effect of tearing people limb from limb.

We are so back.

Jurassic World Rebirth is heading to theaters on July 2, 2025.

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Alex Warrick is a film lover and gaymer living the Los Angeles fantasy by way of an East Coast attitude. Interested in all things curious and silly, he was fearless until a fateful viewing of Poltergeist at a young age changed everything. That encounter nurtured a morbid fascination with all things horror that continues today. When not engrossed in a movie, show or game he can usually be found on a rollercoaster, at a drag show, or texting his friends about smurfs.

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Misc

[INTERVIEW] Musings on Monstrous Menstruation with the Cast and Crew of ‘The Cramps: A Period Piece’

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Periods suck. Everyone who menstruates will tell you that, yet this annoying, often painful thing that happens to our bodies for one week out of every month for most of our lives is conspicuously absent from most media. When periods do crop up in horror movies in particular, they tend to be linked to the downfall of the person experiencing them. Writer-director Brooke H. Cellars’ movie The Cramps: A Period Piece is the rare exception.

Inspired by the filmmaker’s own struggles with endometriosis, an underdiagnosed condition that leads to immensely painful periods, The Cramps follows Agnes (newcomer Lauren Kitchen), whose period cramps manifest in strange and monstrous ways. But, crucially, Agnes Applewhite herself is never framed as a monster, just a shy young woman trying to escape her repressive family life and find her place in the world. She gets one step closer after accepting a job offer to be the shampoo girl at a local salon run by Laverne Lancaster (drag queen Martini Bear) and staffed by kooky characters like the prudish Satanist Teddy Teaberry (Wicken Taylor) and the ditzy Christian Holiday Hitchcocker (Michelle Malentina). All the while, Agnes’ cramps are wreaking havoc on the rude men and dismissive doctors that she encounters.

A spiritual successor to the kind of movies John Waters was putting out in the 1970s, The Cramps: A Period Piece is equal parts funny, campy, and heartfelt, bolstered by fun practical effects that horror fans will love. I sat down with Cellars, Kitchen, and Taylor to chat about the future cult classic after its Fantastic Fest 2025 debut.

The following interview has been lightly edited for clarity and conciseness.

An Interview with Director Brooke H. Cellars and Actors Lauren Kitchen and Wicken Taylor of The Cramps: A Period Piece

Samantha McLaren: Brooke, this film is inspired by your own journey with endometriosis. How do you find the humor in what was presumably a difficult situation over many years?

Brooke H. Cellars: Being suppressed and growing up with no friends, I had to figure out my own way in life. And when people would make fun of me, I kind of had to develop a thicker skin through humor. That was the only way I could get through—by making light of things, or trying to make people laugh, being the weirdo, saying stupid things. That’s how I connected with people, just being ridiculous with each other. And it grew to where I actually had a sense of humor.

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I guess that’s kind of like a mask in dealing with what’s actually going on, my family life or being in pain… So when I wrote the story, it came naturally. I didn’t want to make it scary, because it’s scary in real life. I wanted something entertaining but meaningful, and to connect with people in a way where they can be outspoken and it’s okay. I want it to be cathartic for them, and to maybe make them forget for a little while, but also feel a place of warmth in a horror movie where they least expect something.

It’s so rare to see any horror film about periods, but especially one that isn’t about the abjection of periods. I’m curious how you approached making it funny but not at the expense of people who menstruate, while also finding the horror and making it a positive, uplifting story.

BHC: When I started making short films, I just wanted to make a slasher, because I love old, 1970s slashers. So when we made [“The Chills,” Cellars’ first short from 2019] for no money in my house with my husband and his sisters, who are not actors, I knew I wanted to make scary stuff, but I didn’t know I wanted to say something else. It does say something, but I didn’t do that intentionally—I was just trying to make a scary movie, but it’s like something was trying to come out of me.

It came out when we finally made Violet Butterfield: Makeup Artist for the Dead (2022), which is kind of set in the same world as The Cramps. We shot it on film and kind of developed the world, and just put more intention into it and more of myself, my story, and being finally honest about what’s going on. At the same time, I had stopped talking to my family. I was finally living my life in my late 30s and got into filmmaking, as I’d wanted since I was a kid and never thought would happen. I just said, fuck it—this is what I’ve always wanted to do, I’m running with it, and I’m doing what I want now. I knew the story I wanted to tell, because I was still going through it while I was writing the script. I was having my hysterectomy. Finally, somebody was helping me with my endometriosis, after like 15,000 doctors told me “sorry.”

Lauren, this is your first role—how did you come to be involved in the project, and what drew you to the script?

Lauren Kitchen: I knew Holiday, played by Michelle [Malentina], and I knew Pussy D’Lish [Jude Ducet], who played Clydia. We had just done a community theater production of Rent together. And I followed Brooke… I was a fan of “Violet Butterfield” and the whole aesthetic, so I wanted to follow up on their Instagram. And then I saw an audition announcement for The Cramps, and I just loved it—it had the sixties florals, so cute. I’ve always been told I’m like an old soul, so I was like, I should go for it.

I remember saying to Jude that I really relate to the main character, but I probably won’t get it, I don’t have the experience. I went into in-person auditions fully thinking, “I’m not gonna get it, but at least I’ll give myself a pat on the back for doing it.” And it turns out, when you go in thinking you won’t get it, you get it!

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Wicken Taylor: She killed.

LK: Everyone was so supportive, and having done stage acting and studying it in school helped to bridge the gap between stage and film. There are times when you have to make adjustments. I love the subtleties of film. On stage, you’re acting for the back row, but then in film, you can do something as subtle as an eye movement that you can say so much.

You being new to film brought something so interesting to the role, because there’s that vulnerability—you’re finding your confidence in a way that mirrors Agnes’ journey.

LK: Agnes is finding herself and her chosen family, and I’m also finding Lauren and my confidence through it.

There are so many references and visual homages in the film—obviously John Waters, but also The Tingler, and so many films that I grew up loving. I’m curious if Brooke gave you all homework to watch?

LK: I watched Peeping Tom.

WK: And The Red Shoes. Blood and Black Lace. And she had me watch [The Jerk] because Bernadette Peters was an inspiration for Teddy, and then also Grease for Frenchy.

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LK: Female Trouble. And I watched Cry-Baby too for Johnny Depp.

One thing that drew me to The Cramps is that there’s so much drag talent in the film—drag kings as well as queens, and bearded queens, which you don’t often see. It was subversive when John Waters featured drag performers in his films in the 1970s, and it has somehow looped back around to being subversive again. Brooke, how important was it for you to have that queer element in this story?

BHC: Very important. My own family never accepted me for anything, and that’s why things were so confusing. I always thought I had a normal family, and I definitely didn’t have a normal family. They treated me as if I wasn’t normal. Of course, I wasn’t, but it was okay—I just didn’t know it was okay to be who I was. I didn’t have a lot of friends, and even my brothers and sisters bullied me; my parents bullied me. I was bullied till I was a senior, and even when I was an adult.

Nobody was embracing me. I came from a very small conservative town and a conservative family, so I was always ashamed to be me, even though I couldn’t stop being me. […] It was when I moved away from home to the “big city” of Lafayette, Louisiana [laughs], I started waiting tables and stuff, just doing my own thing, and it was the queer community that I was always told “don’t talk to those people”… these are the people that told me it’s okay to be me. They had so much confidence that I wanted to have. They accepted me, they supported me. They made it so comfortable to just be myself. […] I think a chosen family is very important, and I wanted to celebrate them along with what I’m going through. They’re a part of me.

The hair salon feels like the perfect encapsulation of that chosen family, full of weirdos who found each other. Speaking of, I want to talk about Teddy, because I’m obsessed with Teddy. Wicken, how did you find the right tone for that character who is the perfect subversion of the typical church lady, but also so deadpan, and so kind?

WT: Brooke writes amazing characters. I was like, what do you mean? And she said, “darkness is goodness.” So I took that away and I interviewed a Satanist, and I was doing research, but because this is not our world, it’s a fantastical world that Brooke created, I had so much freedom. So, what is Satanism to Teddy? And what I love so much about her is that we can see that she’s a good person—it just kind of radiates from her. She embodies the idea that it’s okay to be you, that you are loved, and that you are one of us, and that you are safe.

One of my most favorite things about the relationships in the film is that Holiday and Teddy are best friends. Holiday is a Christian—a cursing Christian—and Teddy is a prude Satanist, and they’re best friends.

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How did you build the aesthetic for the film? It picks and chooses from a lot of different decades, but still feels like a cohesive pocket universe.

BHC: It’s very difficult to explain things inside my head. I’ve been working with Levi [Porter, director of photography] and Madeleine [Yawn, producer] since the beginning of time. Like, every single movie we’ve made together, and so they can decipher my language and what I mean.

But when I’m creating these worlds, I’m not very fixated on one thing, like “it has to be horror!” I wanted to really intentionally make a movie of all kinds of genres and blend them together, because they’re coming from one place, even though they’re different. I’m just giving how I view the world, and yeah I take from different decades, different movies, and they’re all the same love to me.

The Cramps: A Period Piece celebrated its world premiere at Fantastic Fest 2025. Keep an eye out for its wider release, because this is not one to miss.

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John Massari’s Re-Recorded Score Revealed at Night Frights LA

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Killer Klowns from Outer Space is one of horror’s most prominent, bona fide classics. But what kind of horror fan does it make me that it wasn’t until Night Frights LA that I had the chance to watch it finally? I knew a lot about this film, but my general distaste for horror comedies overrode any box I needed to check to be considered a “horror fan.” When I heard that Horror Press was sponsoring a screening of Killer Klowns at Night Frights LA with composer John Massari in attendance, I figured, what better time than now to check it out!

Falling in Love with John Massari’s Killer Klowns Soundtrack

I listened to the soundtrack on the flight out to LA, and I loved it. There’s this brilliant mixture between camp and terror that brings an uncomfortable levity to it. Seeing it finally overlaid on the film just amplified how incredible an artist John Massari truly is. Getting to hear him talk about this project was truly enlightening, both as a new fan of his and as a creative.

John stated involvement in the project came on the wings of a friend. He was bopping around between commercial projects when a friend mentioned that someone they knew (the Chiodos) was making a film. So, John sent some of his compositions as an audition and eventually was able to get a (scoreless) screening of the film at Warner Bros. Studios. Music is an integral part of film, and a part of my brain can’t even fathom watching a film without a score. But it was the scene where the tent in the forest was found that solidified John’s love for this project.

Inside the Creative Process: Scoring Killer Klowns’ Marching Scene

How exactly does a composer go about their work? For John Massari, part of Killer Klowns was with him his whole life. The scene in which the klowns are marching into town would eventually be scored with a composition he wrote when he was in high school! He wrote the composition for his band, but they deemed it too jazzy and refused to play it. It would later come to light that John was awarded the composition job from that piece alone.

Massari seems like an incredibly down-to-earth guy who knows what he wants out of life. That part of his story really stuck with me. “Not everything you do is going to be accepted immediately by everyone. That doesn’t mean you have to discard it,” he said.

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Crafting the Full Killer Klowns Score: References and Storytelling

When it finally came to creating the full composition for the film, it seems he had fairly free rein to do what he wanted. Although the Chiodos did stick their hands in the pot a few times. They made John aware of certain films they wanted him to avoid when pulling reference for his work. Some of these films, John clarified, are what we consider classics today. John’s final composition for the film tells a story of its own; rarely do you hear a score that tells its own front-to-end story. The spaceship, he said, was viewed as a princess’s castle while the klowns marching into town were meant to resemble tanks driving into Poland.

One of the most interesting stories John regaled was about a significant roadblock that occurred toward the end of production. Someone from the production side requested that John be the one to pay for the film’s Dolby Stereo licensing fee. Thankfully, John and the Chiodos shot that down quickly. You wouldn’t ask the cinematographer to pay for film processing fees, would you?

John Massari’s Enduring Pride in Killer Klowns from Outer Space

It’s clear that he has ALWAYS been proud of his work on Killer Klowns from Outer Space. Even when friends told him that maybe he shouldn’t tell people he worked on it. However, around 2010/2012, he noticed a shift in thought regarding the film. The sands shifted from viewing Killer Klowns as “so bad it’s good” (my words) to just a pretty darn good film. After finally getting to watch it, I agree.

Massari revealed something that got the entire crowd amped up…he’s re-recorded the score. COVID was a hell of a time for all of us. While most of us were drinking and playing video games, John was making art. He didn’t change the score; he just made it fuller. And he promises that the rescored composition still goes with the version of the film we’ve all seen and doesn’t change the overall tone or feeling.

New Killer Klowns Soundtrack and Screenings

Thankfully, there is a record company (not Waxwork) that is interested in releasing the new composition to the world. At some point, we can hope for a CD and a streaming release. But maybe there’s a chance for some limited screenings to pop up with the rescored composition!

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Thanks to John Massari and the Night Frights crew for making this day and event happen. Watching Killer Klowns from Outer Space with John in attendance was a bucket list item I didn’t even know was on my list! Do yourself a favor, don’t waste 31 years of your life not seeing this movie. If you haven’t…do it!

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