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Les Ghouls: The Cockettes and the Creation of the Modern Drag Monster

Formed in 1969, The Cockettes were a San Francisco-based avant-garde theater troupe whose penchant for psychedelic satire quickly garnered them a cult following that spread far past their Bay Area surroundings. Founded by drag icon Hibiscus, the group consisted of members from across the gender spectrum, and would eventually expand to include the likes of film superstar Divine and disco legend Sylvester.

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GROUP SHOT ON PORCH: Mary Ellen Mark for Paris Match, March-April (1971)

With legendary queens popping up more frequently in fright films and fabulous monsters routinely competing for a crown on one of horror’s biggest streaming platforms, there’s invariably always some grumpy naysayer who insists on asking – “What’s drag have to do with horror?”

Often presented in bad faith, this question tends to neglect that the two art forms are, in many ways, deeply linked.

Exploring the Connection Between Horror and Drag

By their most basic definitions, horror and drag are mediums that utilize a sense of heightened reality to critique, expose, and lambast the world around us. As such, drag artists have long leaned into the fantastic lens that fright provides, and there’s a rich history of the two intermingling. From legendary “male actress” Charles Pierce utilizing recreations of Bette Davis’s Baby Jane in his act to USA Up All Night hosting drag-skewed genre films, the comingling of crafts is not only time-honored, but crucial.

…and while the symbiosis between drag and horror can be traced back to a time that predates the moving picture, the modern era owes a debt to one particular troupe of performers whose gender-skewing revolution changed the face of contemporary performance forever.

Formed in 1969, The Cockettes were a San Francisco-based avant-garde theater troupe whose penchant for psychedelic satire quickly garnered them a cult following that spread far past their Bay Area surroundings. Founded by drag icon Hibiscus, the group consisted of members from across the gender spectrum, and would eventually expand to include the likes of film superstar Divine and disco legend Sylvester.

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PALACE MARQUEE: Screen Shot from Les Ghouls (1971) a short film by Scott Runyon & Syd Dutton"

PALACE MARQUEE: Screen Shot from Les Ghouls (1971) a short film by Scott Runyon & Syd Dutton”

An Influential Group With Punk Roots

Born out of the burgeoning counter-culture scene of Haight-Asbury, The Cockettes’ work sought to critique and satirize the cultural constructs of the world around them.

“We were just kids…like The Little Rascals in drag doing Busby Berkeley on acid, out to truck our fantasies on stage for the world to see,” says Rumi Missabu, one of the founding and core members of The Cockettes.

Intentionally or not, through expressing those fantasies, The Cockettes created a movement, the tendrils of which can still be seen today in the likes of The Boulet Brothers’ Dragula and the celebrated stage shows of Peaches Christ.

…and while the punk rock ethos of this group would be more than enough to mark their influence on the drag monsters that would follow, The Cockettes’ own forays into fright have also left an indelible mark on queer history.

Though not all of The Cockettes’ original stage shows dabbled in the macabre, one of the most storied (thanks in large part to being preserved in the documentary The Cockettes in the Palace) is the October 1970 production of Les Ghouls.

LES GHOULS DRAWING ADVERT: Steven Arnold, The Rumi Missabu Collection

Mick Jagger and Halloween

Part of a series of shows (billed as “Nocturnal Dreams”) at the Palace Theater, Les Ghouls was an original Halloween production that encompassed dancing tombstones, a parody of 1935’s Bride of Frankenstein, and a show-stopping “Mick Jagger”-fueled finale. Running from October 29th through the 31st of 1970, Les Ghouls was accompanied each night by a screening of George A. Romero’s Night of the Living Dead (itself barely two years old at this point in time) and was admittedly an ever-changing beast thanks to cast extravagance, drug-use, and more.

“To describe the Cockettes’ Halloween extravaganza Les Ghouls is to launch into a catalog of adjectives, none of which would be accurate in of itself, and all of which would only confuse,” says Rumi Missabu.

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To be sure, the amorphous nature of the production has led to certain aspects of the show to pass into drag legend, with varying tidbits popping up in a multitude of places (for example, the Noe Hill website suggests that in at least one performance Sylvester played “The Queen of Mars”) and each remembrance juicier than the last.

“With Halloween weekend looming, I jumped right back in the mud puddle declaring to close the show as Mick Jagger,” Missabu says, speaking on the show’s changing aspects. “Our set list varied from night-to-night and I remember covering ‘Little Queenie,’ ‘Shake a Tail Feather,’ and ‘Honkytonk Woman.’”

Though it may seem chaotic to the outsider, it’s this frenetic energy that also gave the Cockettes their edge and helped set the mold for the generations of punk rock, off-the-cuff performers that would follow.

RUMI AS MICK: David Wise. The Rumi Missabu Collection

The Brides of Frankenstein

In her unpublished autobiography, Cockette member Tahara remembers that Les Ghouls had multiple performers playing the Bride of Frankenstein not because of an artistic choice, but simply because they all wanted to do so. While this definitely did not go off without a hitch (there was one incident where one of the “Brides,” played by Goldie Glitters, was locked in a closet and subsequently had an epileptic seizure on stage ), this freewheeling experimentation was a hallmark of The Cockettes’ oeuvre.

Perhaps more importantly, it was also a crucial aspect of the troupe’s bond with the audience.

“When the doors [would] finally open, the crush of bodies that ensued brought to mind the stampede of pushing, shoving humanity that ends Nathanael West’s The Day of the Locust,” says Rumi Missabu about the audience’s fervor at Les Ghouls and other shows. “It’s an audience that has been coached in manner by their idols- The Cockettes…which means they’re straight out of Salvador Dali’s imagination or Antonin Artaud’s madness or Charles Baudelaire’s hash dreams – we were madcap chefs cooking up a storm and the ingredients were magic and tribal anarchy. No one really cared if we could sing or dance; the fact that we dared to assume as much was enough for both ourselves and our audience.”

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The Cockettes’ Influence on Modern Queer Horror

By bringing the audience into their domain, the Cockettes could curate a dream or a nightmare and use either to point out the absurdity of the world outside. Their engagement with zombies, monsters, and yes, even Mick Jagger, was a critique of the establishment and a radical exultation of otherness. Much like the Bride of Frankenstein that they were celebrating (and several of them wanted to be) in Les Ghouls, The Cockettes did not ask to be brought into this world, but refused to accept what was given to them merely because it was there.

The legacy of Les Ghouls and The Cockettes continues to be seen in the modern landscape (cult impresario Peaches Christ has referenced them as an influence on her own Midnight Mass), and their radical use of heightened persona is reflected as much in horror as in drag circles (the outrageous works of Troma come to mind).

Halloween Shows Were Just the Beginning

What’s more, their storied Halloween shows were not The Cockettes’ only engagement with the dark lens of the fantastic. The troupe would also appear in the 1971 feature film Luminous Procuress, which centered around a surreal landscape that dealt with bizarre, dreamlike, and horror-infused imagery. In addition to the historical significance of the group’s participation in the film, the cult prestige of Luminous Procuress further cemented The Cockettes jubilant connection to surrealism and otherness.

Later iterations of the troupe would go-on to mount productions of The Masque of the Red Death and upon Divine’s inclusion, do a show that would see the John Waters superstar dressed up as a giant lobster.

Through balancing the strange and absurd with a sense of whimsy, the Cockettes revealed that the horrors of the outside world could be cajoled and critiqued. With glitter and wild abandon, they showed that if we were able to laugh at our fears, we may also be able to conquer them.

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…and while it is true that The Cockettes may not have engaged in the gory, blood and guts imagery utilized by later horror intersecting drag artists, it cannot be denied that they laid the foundation to boldly use otherness to fight back and/or simply be.

So, what does drag have to do with horror? The easy answer would be everything, but the correct one is that it depends on how radical you’re willing to become.

Michael Varrati is a filmmaker, screenwriter, producer and host known for an array of multi-genre work across film and television. Some of his credits include The Office is Mine, The Wrong Stepmother, The Boulet Brothers' Dragula, Netflix's Christmas with You, a segment of the international holiday horror anthology Deathcember, and the forthcoming queer horror feature There's a Zombie Outside. Additionally, Varrati recently wrote and directed the 2023 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards which aired on Shudder. He's also known as one of the co-hosts of the celebrated Midnight Mass podcast (alongside drag icon Peaches Christ), which celebrates the history of cult cinema.

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Editorials

Is ‘Scream 2’ Still the Worst of the Series?

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There are only so many times I can get away with burying the lede with an editorial headline before someone throws a rock at me. It may or may not be justified when they do. This article is not an attempt at ragebaiting Scream fans, I promise. Neither was my Scream 3 article, which I’m still completely right about.

I do firmly believe that Scream 2 is, at the very least, the last Scream film I’d want to watch. But what was initially just me complaining about a film that I disregard as the weakest entry in its series has since developed into trying to address what it does right. You’ve heard of the expression “jack of all trades, master of none”, and to me Scream 2 really was the jack of all trades of the franchise for the longest time.

It technically has everything a Scream movie needs. Its opening is great, but it’s not the best of them by a long shot. Its killers are unexpected, but not particularly interesting, feeling flat and one-dimensional compared to the others. It has kills, but only a few of them are particularly shocking or well executed. It pokes fun at the genre but doesn’t say anything particularly bold in terms of commentary. Having everything a Scream movie needs is the bare minimum to me.

But the question is, what does Scream 2 do best exactly? Finding that answer involves highlighting what each of the other sequels are great at, and trying to pick out what Scream 2 has that the others don’t.

Scream 3 Is the Big Finale That Utilizes Its Setting Perfectly

Scream as a series handily dodges the trap most horror franchises fall into: rehashing and retreading the same territory over and over. That’s because every one of its films are in essence trying to do something a little different and a little bolder.

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Scream 3 is especially bold because it was conceived, written, and executed as the final installment in the Scream series. And it does that incredibly well. Taking the action away from a locale similar to Woodsboro, Scream 3 tosses our characters into the frying pan of a Hollywood film production. Despite its notorious number of rewrites and script changes (one of which resulted in our first solo Ghostface), it still manages to be a perfect culmination of Sidney Prescott’s story.

I won’t repeat myself too much (go read my previous article on the subject), but 3 is often maligned for as good a film as it turned out to be. And for all of its clunkier reveals, and its ghost mom antics, it understands how to utilize its setting and send its characters off into the sunset right.

Scream 4’s Meta Commentary Wakes Scream from a Deep Sleep

As Wes Craven’s final film, Scream 4 has a very special place in the franchise. It was and still is largely adored for bringing back the franchise from a deep 11-year sleep. With one of the craziest openings in any horror film, let alone a Scream film, it sets the tone for a bombastic return and pays off in spades with the journey it takes us on.

Its primary Ghostface Jill Roberts is a fan favorite, and for some people, she is the best to ever wear the mask. Its script is the source of many memorable moments, not the least of which is Kirby’s iconic rapid-fire response to the horror remakes question. And most importantly, it makes a bold and surprisingly effective return for our main trio of Sidney, Dewey, and Gale, whose return didn’t feel trite or hammy when they ended up coming back to Woodsboro for more.

Craven’s work on 4 truly understands the power its predecessors had exerted on the horror genre, both irreverent in its metacommentary and celebratory of the Scream series as a whole. The film is less of a love letter to the genre and more of a kicking down of the door to remind people what Scream is about. 4’s story re-established that Scream isn’t going away, no matter how long it takes for another film, and no matter how many franchises try to take its place.

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Scream 5 & 6 Is Radio Silence’s Brutal and Bloody Attitude Era

Put simply, Scream 5 and 6’s strong suit was not its characters. It was not its clever writing. The Radio Silence duology in the Scream series excelled in one thing: beating the hell out of its characters.

Wrestling fans (of which there is an unsurprising amount of crossover with horror fans) will know why I call it the Attitude Era. Just like WWE’s most infamous stretch of history, Radio Silence brought something especially aggressive to their entries. And it’s because these films were just brutal. Handing the reins to the series, Bettinelli-Olpin and Gillet gifted a special kineticism to the classic Scream chase sequences, insane finales, and especially its ruthless killers.

All five of the Ghostfaces present in 5 and 6 are the definition of nasty. They’re unrelenting, and in my humble opinion, the freakiest since the original duo of Stu Macher and Billy Loomis. Getting to hear all the air get sucked out of the room as Dewey is gutted like a fish in 5 was still an incredible moment to experience in theatres, and it’s something I don’t think would have happened if the films were any less mean and any less explosively violent.

So, What Does Scream 2 Do Best Exactly?

So now, after looking at all these entries and all of their greatest qualities, what does Scream 2 have that none of the others do? What must I concede to Scream 2?

Really great character development.

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Film is a medium of spectacle most of the time, and this is reflected in how we critique and compliment them. It affects how we look back on them, sometimes treating them more harshly than they deserve because they don’t have that visual flash. But for every ounce of spectacle Scream 2 lacks, I have to admit, it does an incredible job of developing Sidney Prescott as a character.

On a rare rewatch, it’s clear Neve Campbell is carrying the entirety of Scream 2 on her back just because of how compelling she makes Sidney. Watching her slowly fight against a tide of paranoia, fear, and distrust of the people around her once more, watching her be plunged back into the nightmare, is undeniably effective.

It’s also where Dewey and Gale are really cemented as a couple, and where the seeds of them always returning to each other are planted. Going from a mutual simmering disrespect to an affectionate couple to inseparable but awkward and in love is just classic; two people who complete each other in how different they are, but are inevitably pulled back and forth by those differences, their bond is one of the major highlights throughout the series.

Maybe All the Scream Films Are Just Good?

These three characters are the heart of the series, long after they’ve been written out. I talk a big game about how Scream 3 is the perfect ending for the franchise, but I like to gloss over the fact that Scream 2 does a lot of the legwork when it comes to developing the characters of Dewey, Gale, and especially Sidney.

Without 2, 3 just isn’t that effective when it comes to giving Sidney her long deserved peace. Without 2, the way we see Sidney’s return in 4 & 5 doesn’t hit as hard. All of the Scream movies owe something to Scream 2 in the same way they owe something to the original Scream. I think I’ve come to a new point of view when it comes to the Scream franchise: maybe there is no bad entry. Maybe none of them have to be the worst. Each one interlinks with the others in their own unique way.

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And even though I doubt I will ever really love Scream 2, it has an undeniable strength in its character writing that permeates throughout the whole franchise. And that at the very least keeps it from being the worst Scream film.

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The Halloween Franchise Peaked With H20 Here’s Why

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I’m going to begin this conversation with a sort of insane thought. Halloween as a franchise maybe should have ended with its first film.

That’s not to say there’s no value in the Halloween films. Much to the contrary, I like the first three films a lot. I recommend Halloween 3: Season of the Witch to people an annoying amount; I even try to watch it a few times every October to keep the vibes up. And as you already know from clicking on this article, I enjoy Halloween H20: 20 Years Later quite a bit.

I’ve even softened up on the Rob Zombie remake duology over the years. I don’t like them, but it’s like getting flowers, I can still appreciate them. However, Halloween, as a series, has long suffered from its own success. And sometimes, it feels like it’s just going to keep suffering.

HALLOWEEN’S FIRST BOLD CHOICE AFTER 16 YEARS OF WAITING

It’s easy to forget that John Carpenter’s original Halloween was effectively the Paranormal Activity of its time. Flipping a cool $70 million and change off of a $300,000 budget, it has had a genuinely immeasurable impact on the cinematic landscape and how horror films are made.

For some, that’s a bad thing. Notoriously, my beloved 3rd entry in the franchise was considered a hard misstep by audiences. Everyone knows the story; the resounding “Where’s Michael?” response to the third entry gunned down Carpenter’s desires to turn Halloween into an anthology series. So, after going into hiding for 5 years, Halloween 4 continued the story of Michael in 1988.

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And then it just kept going.

As the years went on, it became progressively harder and harder to innovate, resulting in some very odd plotlines and tones. Which is why Halloween H20 is where the franchise peaked. Because it had a rare essence to it. It had guts.

It was willing to actually kill the series once and for all, even if it was impossible to do so.

EVIL DOESN’T DIE TONIGHT, THE CONTRACT SAYS SO

Before David Gordon Green’s reboot trilogy brought Laurie back as a Sarah Connor style badass, H20’s pre-production had reinvented Strode to usher in the 20th anniversary of the first film. She went from a resilient young woman into a traumatized survivor running from her past.

The original concept for Halloween H20 involved a substance abusing Laurie Strode trying to get clean so she could die with dignity against an escaped Michael. In a turn of events, she would find the will to live and kill him once and for all. It was a concept Jamie Lee Curtis was passionate about, understandably so. Laurie wasn’t the first final girl, but she was the codifier for that ideal, in a way Jess Bradford and Sally Hardesty before her weren’t. It would have made for a harrowing exploration of what was debatably the most important final girl ever.

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That isn’t what happened.

There is an infamous video from a Q&A panel with Jamie Lee Curtis where she explains that the blame for Michael surviving H20 lies primarily with one man: the late great Moustapha Akkad. Akkad was famous for his business acumen, but that desire to see the Halloween franchise make bankroll had ultimately stolen away Laurie’s triumphant victory over Michael.

You see, Akkad had written a clause into the contracts surrounding the film. A clause that she could not, in no uncertain terms, kill Michael Myers. Michael would live, no matter what Laurie did. But thanks to the meddling mind of Scream creator Kevin Williamson, who had been brought on to work on the screenplay for H20, Laurie did get her vengeance in a way.

LAURIE STRODES RETURN DONE RIGHT

The actual H20 follows Laurie Strode in hiding years after Halloween 2, ignoring the events of the sequels. She’s the headmistress of a boarding school, living under a fake name far from Haddonfield with her son. But still, she can’t let go of that Halloween night. She sees Michael’s face, The Shape, everywhere. She can barely stomach talking about what happened. But when Michael kills Dr. Loomis, nurse Marion Chambers, and then finds her, Laurie is forced to face her greatest fear once and for all.

And she does. After a prolonged chase and fight on the grounds of the school, she refuses to let a wounded Michael be taken into custody. Stealing a cop’s gun and an ambulance, Laurie runs Michael off a cliff and pins him against a tree with the vehicle. She shares a brief moment with him, inscrutable eyes reflecting Michael’s. They could be expressing a number of possible emotions. Is it empathy? Hatred? Pity? Fear leaving her for the final time?

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Regardless of what it is, she’s done feeling it. With a hefty swing, she decapitates him with a fire axe, ending Michael for the last time. It’s over.

Roll credits. Audience cheers. The world is healing.

AND THEN HALLOWEEN: RESURRECTION HAPPENS

Yes, and then Halloween: Resurrection happens. Laurie is killed in the first few minutes, revealing that Michael pulled the old bamboozle switcheroonie in the previous film. She had actually just killed an ambulance driver that Michael had put the mask on. Williamson’s trick of making both Laurie and the audience believe they had killed Michael worked. But that same trick curled a finger on the monkey’s paw and led to what is definitively the worst film in the franchise.

A proto-internet streamer subplot. The kid from Smart House is there for some reason. Busta Rhymes hits Michael Myers with the Charlie Murphy front kick from that one Dave Chappelle sketch about Rick James.

Roll credits. The audience boos. Everyone who spent money on it feels like they’re being stamped to death by horses.

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HALLOWEEN AS A FRANCHISE IS TERRIFIED OF ENDINGS

And this is why I say that Halloween H20 is probably the best we’re going to get out of the series, maybe ever. It is a series that, at its core, has had producers terrified of endings since even Halloween 2. Carpenter never intended there to be a sequel, or any follow ups for that matter. That was mostly the work of producer Irwin Yablans, who pushed hard to continue the story of Michael. And then, eventually, it was the work of every other producer who demanded they milk Halloween for all its worth.

H20 is a film that is antithetical to that idea. When watched as intended, ignoring Resurrection, it’s fantastic. As the end of Laurie and Michael’s story, one that shows evil is weak without fear to bolster it, it is pretty much the perfect finale. Hot off the heels of Scream’s success in 1996, H20 is often talked about as an attempt to cash in on the meta-horror craze of the 90s and early 2000s. The way people discuss it, you would think it was supposed to be a tongue-in-cheek slasher that made fun of itself and Halloween’s legacy. But in reality, aside from its humor, it ends up being quite reflective and thoughtful of that legacy.

It’s not spiteful of the films that came before it because it ends by tricking the audience. It’s what that trick represents, boldly spitting in the eye of Halloween being held prisoner for money. Mocking Halloween being stuck in an eternal cycle of rinsing and repeating the same events. It doesn’t care about franchising or longevity; it cares about telling a good story and letting its hero rest. It’s respectful to Carpenter’s creation in a way that other attempts to continue the series simply weren’t.

H20 TELLS AN ENDING, HALLOWEEN ENDS TRIES TO SELL YOU ONE

It begs the question: why does H20 work here in how it ends the series, but Halloween Ends doesn’t?

All of Ends biggest issues stem from the fact that, unlike H20, it’s trying to sell you an ending instead of making one that feels right. The maudlin closer it gives doesn’t feel real. It doesn’t feel true to the Laurie it shows us, or any other iteration of the character for that matter. It doesn’t feel genuinely emotional in any regard.

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And that’s because Ends as a whole doesn’t have the spirit that H20 does. Ends is, first and foremost, a highlight reel reminding you of how cool Halloween is instead of understanding why any of its previous entries were effective. From its marketing to its incredibly clunky climax, it feels like it’s an advertisement for never letting go of Halloween, even when it should have been done a while ago. And that’s just the wrong lesson to leave on.

JANET LEIGH’S CAMEO IN H20 SPEAKS VOLUMES

Halloween H20 has a pretty famous cameo from Janet Leigh in it, an OG scream queen and the real-life mother of Jamie Lee Curtis. In it, they have a heart-to-heart as fictional characters Laurie Strode and Norma Watson. It’s made more impactful when you realize it was Leigh’s penultimate film performance, and her final performance in a horror film.

The moment serves as a cute in-joke on their real-life relationship, but more than that, it foreshadows the film’s ending. Norma urges Laurie to move past her fear, to relish her future as a survivor instead of being caught up in the past and reliving the same night over and over again.

I find this scene even more poignant now, seeing how neatly it reflects on what has happened to Halloween as a franchise in the years since the original, and especially since H20. It’s a series that got stuck in trying to continue the same story and just got progressively worse at it. In some way, it feels like it’s urging us to make a choice. No matter how deep a legacy of fear may be, it must come to an end at some point. There is no need to cling to the same stories over and over. We can enjoy them for what they are without returning to them.

No matter what the future of the Halloween franchise is, only a viewer themselves can choose where the story ends. It doesn’t matter how many times the studio brings him back, you have to make the choice. Only you decide when it ends. And for my money, H20 is the best ending you can ask for.

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